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Encyclopedia | Liondrake
The world of lion dancing is a full of insiders’ lingo. I created this encyclopedia of lion dance terminology to help beginner lion dancers and non-dancers understand that lingo.
Commonly Confused Terms:
Lion mask, Lion head, Head, Head player:
- Lion mask: The lion costume’s mask
- Lion head: Refers to either (a) the lion costume’s decorated mask, or (b) the head player, i.e., the front person in the lion. In other words, the lion head can be an object (a), or a person (b).
- Head: see above definition for lion head
- Head player: The front person in the lion
Lion dancing, Dragon dancing, Dragon boat:
- Lion dancing: Two people in a lion costume.
The lion performs martial arts stunts. The front person, or the head player, controls the lion mask, and his/her legs make up the lions front leg. The hind person, or tail player, makes up the lion’s backbone and hind legs, and wags the lion’s tail. - Dragon dancing: Many people carrying a fabric dragon resting on aluminum or bamboo poles.
- Dragon boat: A dragon-shaped boat with many rowers.
Lion Dancing Encyclopedia
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B
blessing: A ceremony in which one or more lions will bless a store. Usually occurs at an Asian mall during Chinese New Year’s. The lions will bow in front of the store and enter it to bless it. A store blessing rids a store of past negative energies and brings future prosperity and wealth to the store and its owner.
boots: see shoe
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dragon dance: While a lion dance only needs two people inside one lion costume, a dragon dance needs at least a dozen people to carry a fabric dragon that rests upon many bamboo or aluminum poles.
Dragon dancers make the dragon fly through the air by waving it through. Many lion dance teams and kung fu associations also practice dragon dancing.
drum: The drummer is like the conductor of a lion dance team. His or her drum beats tell the cymbalists, the gong players, and the lion dancers what to do next. Lion dancers rely more on their kinetic and auditory memory than their visual memory, as visibility is very limited inside the lion costume.
Each team has its own drumming pattern. Although certain drumming combinations are almost identical across teams, they are played in a different order from team to team.
“Lion Dance-Drum” / Credit: Xz TS / Wikimedia CommonsThe drum is round and hollow on the inside, but it is very heavy. There are usually two metal handles attached to either side of the drum for carrying. Tough leather is stretched across the top of the drum.
The top rim of the drum is circled by two or more rows of circular metal “clicks,” which the drummer will clack his or her drumsticks against.
Drunken Lion: Lion dancing routine where a lion drinks from a bamboo wine jar prop. Very comical performance.
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Fei-Yue shoe: see shoe
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head player or head:
1) The front person in the lion. Carries the lion head and performs martial arts stunts such as leaping into the air and landing on the tail player’s leg or head. The hind person in the lion, or the tail player or tail, carries the head player or head during lion dance stunts.
2) The lion costume’s head (see mask)
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jong: Thick, cylindrical metal pillars with rectangular
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lion head:
1) The lion costume’s head (see mask)
2) The person who controls the lion costume’s head (see head player or head)
lion mask: see mask
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mask: The lion costume’s head.
The frame is made of titanium and/or bamboo strips that are woven together to form a basket-like frame. The frame is then covered with paper dipped in glue, painted, and decorated. The mask is decorated with shiny paper, furry pompoms on metal springs, and sheep or faux fur. Masks vary greatly between different styles of lion dancing.
Certain lion heads (e.g., Southern Chinese Lions) have a cord inside them. When this cord is tugged, the lion blinks. The weight of the head varies greatly, though modern heads are lighter than more traditional heads.
Credit: Ha Kwok Cheung Group / Photo Credit: Leemacro2012 / Wikimedia Commonsmartial arts shoe: see shoe
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Northern lion or Northern Chinese lion: Golden fur, with red or green ears. The red-eared lion is a male, while the green-eared lion is a female. Northern Chinese lion dancers often wear full-body fur suits (as opposed to Southern Chinese lion dancers, who only wear furry pants).
Northern Chinese lion dancers. Two of these men are dressed in full-body fur suits. (Credit: gill_penney / Flickr)
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restaurant blessing: see blessing
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Snow Lion: Tibetan lion dancing. The lion is white and green, or white and turquoise.
shoe: Lion dancers wear martial arts shoes that are decorated with fur (usually faux), sequins, and claws so that they match the lion costume. Feiyue is a shoe company that produces martial arts shoes that are often used for lion dancing.
Feiyue produces a wide variety of shoes. If you purchase Feiyue shoes, make sure that they are martial arts or wushu shoes, not ordinary sneakers. Feiyue martial arts shoes are canvas shoes with round, thick, rubber soles.
Southern lion or Southern Chinese lion: Has a large, round head; large, round eyes; and small, round ears.
Southern Chinese lions are more brilliantly colored than their Northern counterpart.
Southern Chinese lion dancing is the most popular type of lion dancing, though it is divided into various types of lion heads and dancing styles, including traditional, Fonhok, Hoksan, and Futsan.
I recommend that you visit Emplion if you are interested in the various types of Southern Chinese lion heads. See if you can discern the subtle differences between different types of Southern lion heads.
Credit: Southern Young Tigers Lion-Dancing TeamCredit: Southern Young Tigers Lion-Dancing TeamCredit: Southern Young Tigers Lion-Dancing Teamstore blessing: see blessing
T
tail player or tail: The hind person in the lion. Crouches down behind the tail player. Carries the tail player during martial arts stunts.
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wine jar or wine jug: bamboo stage prop made of bamboo and paper that looks like a golden wine jar.
Used mainly in Drunken Lion routine (see page on Drunken Lion)
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Chinese New Year. Dragon Dance and Lion Dance
Dragon dance and lion dance have long been an integral part of Chinese festivals. These traditional dances are performed at various events and festivals. The most significant of which is the Chinese New Year, or the Spring Festival, widely celebrated by the Chinese community around the world.
With the spread of the culture of China and people from it all over the world, the dragon dance and the lion dance appeared in every corner of the Chinese people. In Southeast Asia, Europe, America, Australia, New Zealand. They have become symbols of Chinese culture.
The Lion Dance (Traditional Chinese 舞獅, pinyin wǔshī) is a lion figure controlled by two people inside the figure. The basic dance moves can be found in most Chinese martial arts.
Dragon Dance (Simplified Chinese: 舞龙, Traditional Chinese: 舞龍) - the dragon traditionally symbolizes strength and dignity in China.
The Chinese themselves sometimes refer to themselves as "descendants of the dragon". It is believed that the dragon brings good luck to people.
Dragon Dance
The Chinese are believed to be descendants of the dragon. Chunjie, of course, cannot do without the image of this beautiful mythical creature. The dragon dance with lanterns is a traditional rite in Chunjie, and there is also a legend about its origin.
Long ago, there was a Lotus Village on the banks of the Tiaoxi. This village had a lake filled with lotus flowers. When summer came, leaves covered it like a green blanket, and beautiful flowers, blown by the wind, gracefully danced on the surface of the water.
On the shores of the Lotus Lake there lived a kind, industrious couple. The husband's name was Bai Ye, which means "one hundred leaves," and the wife's name was He Hua, which means "lotus flower." They both worked, were kind to each other, and lived very happily. In one year, He Hua became pregnant.
But she gave birth to a child only on the nine hundred and ninety-ninth day. Thin golden dragon scales shimmered on the baby's chest and back. There were nine hundred ninety-nine of them. And the news spread throughout the village that the Dragon Spirit was born.
However, the news reached the elder as well. The elder's son served as an official in the imperial palace, and his grandson lived with him. The grandson was not only ugly, but also treated people extremely cruelly. Nobody in the village liked him. When they learned about the wonderful baby, they thought that the child was a reincarnated evil spirit. And if he survives, he will surely bring trouble. So they immediately went to Bai Ye's house with swords in their hands and the worst intentions in their heads.
The villagers managed to hide the child in the Lotus Lake in front of the house. The elder and his grandson, not finding the child, seized Bai Ye, stabbed him with a sword, and took He Hua to their house. Once at the elder's house, heartbroken, He Hua missed her husband and son very much.
One day the elder made her go to wash the rice. He Hua went to the lakeshore and was about to start work when a cool wind suddenly blew. The leaves, as if obeying someone's secret order, parted and freed a path on the water surface. He Hua saw her son, whom she yearned for days and nights. He was sitting in a basin that floated up to his mother. Since then, she went three times a day to the shore of the lake to wash rice and took the opportunity to feed her son.
Nine hundred and ninety-nine days have passed. The baby grew little by little, the dragon scales covering the whole body shone brightly, and when night fell, the Lotus Lake radiated radiance. So people knew that the Dragon Spirit was alive, and secretly rejoiced.
The next evening, He Hua again went to the lake to wash rice. The elder and the grandson hid in the poplar thickets and saw everything. When the infinitely happy He Hua wanted to hug her son, someone jumped out from behind a poplar tree and raised a shiny sword over the child.
But the boy sighed, jumped out of the basin, turned into a small golden dragon and flew to the middle of the lake. The ugly grandson who attacked him was lifted into the air by a gust of wind. The grandson fell into the pond, and drowned in it. He Hua loudly called out to the dragon son, but he had already disappeared.
Since then, whenever there was a drought on the banks of the Tiaoxi, a small dragon would appear and irrigate the villagers' lands with rainwater. To thank him, people collected forty-nine lotus flowers from the lake and made a beautiful figure of a dragon out of nine hundred and ninety-nine petals. People called this dragon Bai Ye Long - Hundred Leaves Dragon. Every year on the Chunjie festival, people beat gongs, beat drums, and danced with lanterns to imitate a dragon.
Lion dance
The lion dance is now one of the most popular folk dances in all of China. In ancient times, the Chinese, just like the Greeks and Romans, believed in the value of lion qualities.
Lion is the king of the animals. In all the images, he was most often presented as a protector and guardian, having a proud look and a menacing roar.
There is a legend about the appearance of the Lion dance. Back in 446, the troops of Emperor Wendi faced an invincible enemy. For the first time, he used a powerful force in battles - war elephants. The Chinese infantry suffered heavy losses and suffered defeat after defeat. Then one of the cunning generals proposed an original plan, reasoning that the elephants must be frightened of the lions.
Since there was no "king of beasts" in China, they decided to replace them with moving stuffed animals. From canvas, poles and cardboard, the soldiers made huge "lions" with brightly painted muzzles and a ferocious grin. Two warriors climbed into each "skin", which set the simple structure in motion.
On the day of the decisive battle, the "lions" hid in the thickets, and along the edges of the battlefield, the soldiers dug "wolf pits" ahead of time.
As soon as the war elephants appeared, to the deafening roar of the drums, formidable "lions" resolutely jumped out to them. This caused confusion in the ranks of the enemy. Elephants in a panic rushed to the sides, dropping riders, crushing and trampling their soldiers and falling into pits. The complete and convincing victory of the imperial soldiers decided the outcome of the war.
Since then, Chinese soldiers have always performed the lion dance on solemn occasions. He reminded them of the glorious victory and raised the morale of the army. To the rhythm of drums and gongs, performers in bright "lion" costumes performed various dance steps with elements of acrobatics. Over time, the dance of lions began to be performed on the New Year's Spring Festival (Chunjie) - in the XIV-XV centuries, and subsequently spread throughout China.
The dance of the lion, also called the "lion's lantern", represents the various movements of this animal. The dancers reproduce them in the costume of a lion.
The action is accompanied by music created by the beats of drums and gongs.
Material prepared by Valeria Rublevskaya
(The article uses materials from Panpan Huang's book "Chinese Traditions and Customs")
Chinese National Dances--China.org.cn
| Han Chinese make up approximately 93.3% of the total population of China. Since ancient times, Han Chinese dances have been distinguished by their richness and variety of forms and styles. SPRING FESTIVAL DANCES Chinese Spring Festival - New Year's Day according to the agricultural calendar is the most important traditional holiday of the Han people. Many types of dances are dedicated to this holiday, the most common and also the most beloved are the DRAGON DANCE, LION DANCE and YANGE.  Usually the dragon is made of multi-colored silk, it can reach 10 meters in length. Under the deafening crackle of crackers, a dozen men holding the dragon's body on sticks run and jump, forcing the dragon to take various poses, such as "the dragon rolls on the ground", "the dragon beats with its tail", "the dragon crawls along the pole". In addition, in some places, "dragons" have their own characteristics, in Zhejiang Province, for example, the "dragon of a hundred leaf lotus" is very common. In this dance, the girls hold images of clouds and lotuses in their hands and, following the leader, form the figure of a long dragon from the leaves, so that the impression of a dragon floating in the clouds is created. In some places, the dragon is knitted from straw, into which burning incense sticks are stuck. On a festive night, the "straw dragon" wriggles in a dance, spewing flames and smoke. There are also "dragons of the earth" that spew water from their mouths in all directions. And in some provinces south of the Yellow River, images of small dragons are tied to a bench, three men, holding on to the legs of the bench, run and dance to the thunder of timpani and drums. There are also “dragons from separate links”, “dragons from five links” and others. There are also "paper dragons" that are controlled by one person. The dance of the lion is usually performed by two, the front dancer holding the head of the beast in his hands, the legs representing the front paws of the lion, the other dancer representing the body and hind legs of the lion. The body of the "lion" is covered with a shaggy golden fabric. Both dancers must work very well in order to successfully imitate the movements of the beast. Sometimes the lion dance includes a playful and cute lion cub performed by one dancer. The lion dance involves a warrior who holds a colorful ball and teases with it the “lion”, who jumps, bends and “plays with the ball”, as it were. The lion dance is performed in a different manner. In one case, the “lion” stands on the ball, jumps, runs, “stands on its hind legs”, in a word, does acrobatic tricks designed to show the power and flexibility of the beast. In another, the "lion" scratches, licks its fur, rolls on the ground, shakes its mane, showing an affectionate and playful character. The dance of the lion requires strength and endurance from the dancers, and in addition, the skills of traditional wushu gymnastics, in order to show the strength and grace of the beast in its entirety, he must be able to do somersaults, jumps, somersaults.  .
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The whole dance takes place under the thunder of drums, gongs and other percussion instruments creating a cheerful festive mood. 
The procession is led by a dancer with a huge umbrella, symbolizing the new prosperous year, followed by the Dragon Dance, Lion Dance groups, then groups of people with multi-colored silk ribbons on their belts who perform the Yangge dance. Next comes a squad of drummers, with red drums on their belts, they dance, knocking out a fraction, now in a fast, then in a slow rhythm. Next come men and women riding "donkeys" or "in boats" (props made of silk and bamboo sticks), they depict the return of the spouses to the relatives of the newlywed. Behind them is a troop on stilts, all the performers dressed as opera characters with painted faces. Stilts are a meter or more in length, walking on them requires some skill. Following them, the artists, dressed up as a heron and a mollusk, play a scene based on an old Chinese fable about how a heron and a mollusk grappled with each other, and the fisherman caught both without any difficulty. Next come the artists, depicting scenes from the most beloved opera performances.
