How to teach yourself hip hop dance
How to get started learning hip-hop without classes — Dance, Work, Balance
Professional dancers can all agree: there is no substitute for taking dance classes. But between the closing of studios due to the COVID pandemic or the need to save money for other higher priority expenses, you may be looking for ways to get started in your hip-hop dance training without paying for classes. Here are 3 simple things you can do starting today to give you a head start in dance before the studios reopen.
At the dance studio, when taking a hip hop class, you benefit in many ways: direct feedback from the instructor, the benefit of connecting with others in the class, learning the experience of a professional audition, and of course, the facilities (since dance studios come equipped with mirrors and nice floors, although you can easily set up your own home dance studio.)
But let’s say you’re just getting started in dancing hip-hop with no intent to become professional. Maybe you are still young, still in school, or just looking to get some physical exercise or learn about the culture. What should you do to get started in learning hip hop dance without classes?
Use the free resources available to you.
At the risk of sounding old, let me just remind everyone that the world’s knowledge can be accessed by your smartphone. What this means for you is that you can access practically every aspect of hip hop dance, from terminology and history to choreography tutorials and freestyle battles using this handheld device that fits in your pocket. (Back when I wanted to watch some dance, I’d either have to wait for the right show to come on TV, buy / rent a VHS, or fly all the way to NYC just to watch the street corner pop off.)
Simply put, you have tremendous access to any style of dance you want to learn about. Steezy is a great YouTube channel with tons of free content and highly reputable instructors.
This is a wonderful jumping off point. From there, find someone whose style you enjoy learning or watching, then search that name on YouTube. Choreographers nowadays are very aware of their presence on social media, so you should be able to find several videos of your favorite choreographers and dancers. Once you’ve found your favorites, watch and copy their moves. This will help you build up your “dance vocabulary.” Slow down their videos with the build in feature in the YouTube browser, and try and figure out what they are doing. I rewound my VHS tapes so many times until they became nearly unplayable - simply clicking on YouTube is a huge improvement in technology over these past 25 years!
The added bonus of YouTube: You may even digitally wander off and learn about some completely new dance styles!
Without a doubt, most of the content you’ll see isn’t great. But some of it is. Your goal is to find the dancers who resonate best with your movement and the way you see yourself dancing in the future.
The range in quality is just the same when taking dance classes at a studio: some instructors are better equipped to teach than others. Until you can get back into the studio, take in all you can via the magic of YouTube, and learn from multiple sources. You’ll gain a better understanding of what works for you and what doesn’t.Build the habit of dancing daily.
Dancers develop a particular set of muscles, just as other athletes do. As such, it is important to keep these muscles active and toned - not just physically, but also mentally. And the best way to stay in shape is to use those muscles regularly.
Start by committing yourself to 10 minutes of practice or training each day. After about a week, this time will feel very short. Keep adding time devoted to working on dance. For example, you may choose to watch your favorite choreography performance on YouTube, then spend 30 minutes deconstructing their dance and replicating their moves in your own dance space.
I used to dance for a couple hours a day, with a minimum of “forced” time of 20 minutes. Whenever I injured my knee or ankle, I would stay seated and focus on upper body techniques, like hits and arm waves. Even when I was sick with the flu, I would just focus on visualizing myself dancing, a very important aspect of training!
The key reason why this should become a habit is to prepare yourself for when classes reopen. There are good habits that will take you far as a dancer, and regular rehearsal and discipline is one of the best. This is a skill that comes from and is mastered from within, and is only peripheral during studio time.
Watch, encourage, but also critique yourself.
Of the three steps, this is mentally the most draining. Have you ever heard a recording of your own voice, then realized how much you hate your voice? It’s just as bad with video - but it’s potentially your biggest source of growth without taking class.
In a studio, the teacher’s job is to help you gain skills.
In beginners classes, they give you the skills of how to mimic their movements - where to place your hand in the six step, how to shift your body weight in top rock, and so on. But when you are learning at home, you have to figure it out by trial and error. What works and what doesn’t work? Just as importantly, what looked good and what didn’t?A set of mirrors in your home dance studio is a great starting place, but that instant feedback will only take you so far. You’ll really want to make a video of yourself. Grab a tripod, point your phone camera at yourself, then spend 10 minutes practicing your six step.
Here comes the tough part - watch all of it. Fight the urge to skip over the parts that are cringe, because they are cringe for your potential audience as well. It’s a painful exercise, but I promise it’ll show you what you need to know. Do you slow down at certain points? Focus on making those parts more fluid. Does your body look awkward? Figure out how to get your elbow out of that weird place.
But the last step is just as important: compliment yourself. Point out what you did right, even if it means you have to dig really hard. Is your understanding of the musicality great? Does your top rock have a really nice groove to it, even if your down rock is a bit sloppy?
This is the question you really want to answer: Was I better than I was yesterday? Hopefully, yes.
Soon enough, the studios will reopen and we can all go back to finding our favorite local dance studio and teachers. In the mean time, keep these three tips in mind, and you’ll be in great shape for when that day arrives.
Hip Hop Dancing 101 | Dancer’s Guide for 2022
Do you find yourself fascinated by hip hop dancing and curious to know more? After all, it looks incredibly impressive, but also super fun, to break it down and bust some moves to the epic beats being spun by DJs.
If you’re interested in learning more about the art form of hip hop dancing, including what it is and how to dance it, then you’re in the right place.
This guide will explain everything you need to know about hip hop dancing so you can build a better understanding of this intriguing and expressive art form and maybe even start practicing some moves yourself.
Jump to Section
- How Do You Dance Hip Hop?
- What is Hip Hop Dance?
- Hip Hop Dance History
- Most Famous Hip Hop Dancers
- Types of Hip Hop Dance Styles
- Five Characteristics of Hip Hop Dance
- Most Popular Hip Hop Dance Moves
- Top Hip Hop Dance Songs
How Do You Dance Hip Hop?
Hip Hop Dance Classes
The best, and arguably most fun, way to learn all about hip hop dancing is from live instructors. They’ll teach you everything from the basics to more advanced moves of this style of dancing in a welcoming and lively environment.
Browse dance classes in Houston, dance classes in Seattle and dance classes in Las Vegas, which include hip hop dance for kids, to find some of the best hip hop dancing instruction out there. No matter what you’re skill level, you can easily improve your hip hop skills with one of the many dance classes near you.
Online Hip Hop Dance Classes
Another great way to learn hip hop dancing, especially if you prefer to learn on your own or in the comfort of your own home, is with online dance classes or other online resources! Participating in an online hip hop dance class is a great way to receive direct instruction (either group or private) from a knowledgeable dancer.
Benefits of Dancing Hip Hop
Why should you learn how to dance hip hop? Besides it being an impressive skill to bust out at parties and social gatherings, Stanford Dance states that frequent dancing has been shown to help protect against dementia and increase cognitive sharpness at all ages!
Additionally, hip hop dance can help build self-confidence, increase athleticism and foster a spirit of self-empowerment.
Keep reading as we break down some of the key characteristics and basic moves of hip hop dancing!
What is Hip Hop Dance?
At the most basic level, hip hop dance is a style of street music, a series of bounces and rocks performed to the beats of hip hop music.
Compared to other dance styles, hip hop dancing is less constrained and does not necessarily have set rules or limiting characteristics that must be followed. Instead, hip hop dancing is better understood as a distinct stylistic approach to choreography and improvisation set to the beats and rhythms of hip hop music.
Hip hop dancing is actually a mix of many different dance styles and includes elements from salsa, Cuban mango and rumba, Brazilian samba, jazz, ballet and even some martial arts influences like Kung-Fu.
Most importantly, hip hop dancing is a part of the greater hip hop culture and reflects freedom to learn, grow and express oneself through movement.
Hip Hop Dance History
African-American Roots
Hip hop dancing is largely rooted in African-American culture and first emerged as a style of improvised street dancing in black and Latin NYC neighborhoods in the 1970s. In particular, the West Bronx is considered the birthplace of hip hop dancing.
Seeking to escape the struggles of life as a minority, the youth of these neighborhoods turned to art as a means to express themselves, creating a unique and culturally blended art form of street dance now known as hip hop dancing.
The Father of Hip Hop
It was during these early formative years that DJ Kool Herc, known as the Father of Hip Hop, first figured out how to isolate the backbeat of a song and spin it back on loop. Pretty soon his West Bronx parties were routinely combining deejaying and emceeing with this new style of street dance, firmly establishing the beginning of hip hop dancing culture.
Hip Hop in the Media
Hip hop dancing continued to spread and gain popularity during the coming decades and was notably showcased in multiple films and commercials during the 1980s. Breakdancing in particular was featured in ads for Pepsi, Coke, Panasonic and Burger King. In the 1990s, the “Elite Force” dance troupe helped bring exposure to hip hop dancing.
Hip Hop Today
As hip hop dancing grew in popularity within mainstream art and media culture, it further developed and evolved. Today, hip hop continues to be featured on modern dance shows and is a popular style of dance taught across dance studios and organizations. Importantly, though, the term “hip hop” is sometimes misused or misapplied in attempts to mass market.
via CanvaMost Famous Hip Hop Dancers
The OG hip hop dance group, NYC-based Rocky Steady Crew, contained some of the most famous and founding hip hop dancers, including Richard “Crazy Legs” Colon and Steffan “Mr.
Wiggles” Clemente.
Dan Cornelius, creator of Soul Train in the 1970s, helped to popularize hip hop social dancing, especially popping, locking and other styles.
Similarly, Charles “Cholly” Atkins and James Brown were dancers who helped introduce and popularize dance moves that would eventually find their way into hip hop dancing.
Toni Basil is another famous hip hop dancer, a classically trained ballerina who helped bring hip hop dancing to a broad audience during the 1980s.
There are also plenty of other famous artists and singers who many consider to be hip hop dancers. The names at the top of this list include Michael Jackson, Ciara, Beyonce and Chris Brown.
via CanvaTypes of Hip Hop Dance Styles
There are a few different hip hop dance styles, especially since it borrows from so many other styles and disciplines of dance.
While some might consider locking and popping to be styles of hip hop dance, they are better defined as moves used within hip hop dance. In fact, these styles have their own techniques and origin. Many popular social dances sometimes called hip hop dance styles are actually “West Coast Funk” styles instead.
So what are the types of hip hop dance styles?
Breaking Competitions
One of the most important stylistic components of hip hop dance is breaking, also known as breakdancing. It’s an acrobatic style of dance involving lots of fast footwork and quick-paced technique.
Dancers who perform breakdancing are known as b-boys or b-girls. Although breaking is its own style of dance separate from hip hop dance, breaking competitions are a particular style of hip hop dancing, where b-boys and b-girls engage in back-and-forth dance battles, challenging one another to see who can be more creative, original or dominating in their moves.
Party Dances
In addition to the dance styles incorporated within hip hop dancing, there are also hip hop party dances. This style is much more relaxed than breaking competitions and instead focuses on light-hearted social connection and fun.
You may be familiar with some popular hip hop party dances, like the Snake, Chicken-Head, Cabbage Patch, Harlem Shake and Running Man; these are now referred to as “old school” hip hop dances. New school party dances come from more recent songs, such as The Whip, Nae Nae, Dougie and Cat Daddy.
via CanvaFive Characteristics of Hip Hop Dance
Hip hop dance involves the five characteristics of hip hop culture: deejaying, breaking, graffiti, emceeing and knowledge of self.
Deejaying
DJs are the ones who create hip hop music in live time for people to hip hop dance to. This art form, also known as turntabling, involves using record players (or in more recent years, electronic DJ mixing technology and electronic devices) to isolate the breakbeat of a song and play it back on loop in new or creatively integrated ways.
Breaking
Most people naturally associate breaking, or breakdancing, with hip hop dancing, but it’s important to note that breakdancing in itself is not hip hop; it is merely a component of hip hop dancing.
Breaking is its own unique style of dance involving five core movements: top rocks, back rocks, fast footwork, freezes and power moves. There is usually lots of spinning and contorting, but it all comes down to the dancer moving to the “breakbeat” provided by the DJ spinning tracks.
Check out the hip hop moves in the hip hop dance video below!
Graffiti
Sometimes called “street art,” graffiti is a visual form of self-expression in which artists use spray paint to transform walls, buildings and other outdoor spaces into vibrant and colorful displays.
Emceeing
The “MC,” or “Master of Ceremonies,” functions as the overall director of the hip hop party, hyping up the DJ and the crowd, as well as occasionally freestyle rapping with the music.
Knowledge of Self
This is arguably the most important characteristic, as it is this philosophy that binds all these separate elements together into a single hip hop culture. Coming from the Afro-diaspora, “knowledge of self” refers to a mix of political and spiritual consciousness portraying social change and designed to empower members of oppressed social groups.
via CanvaMost Popular Hip Hop Dance Moves
Freestyling
A common style of hip hop dance is freestyle improvisation, in which the dancer creates a creative flow of moves in the moment. The more experienced one is at freestyling, the easier it usually is from them to come up with fluid and natural-looking freestyle sequences.
Krumping
This move draws from African-American culture and is largely a powerful and forceful expression of emotion. It involves powerful, energetic movements, especially chest bumping.
Popping
Popping is achieved by quickly contracting certain muscles to create a jerking effect. Almost any part of the body can be “popped” and this technique is often used to make robotic movements.
Locking
Another popular hip hop dance move, locking, requires the dancer to quickly freeze their body in different positions as they dance. It’s similar to popping, except the dancer holds the frozen positions for longer periods of time.
via CanvaTop Hip Hop Dance Songs
While hip hop dancing is often performed as DJs spin tracks in live time, there are also lots of pre-recorded hip hop style dance songs, many of which you will probably recognize either by name or when you hear them.
Here are just a few popular hip hop dance songs:
- “Stanky Leg” by GS Boyz
- “It’s Goin Down” by Yung Joc
- “Crank That” by Souldja Boy
- “You’re a Jerk” by New Boyz
- “Tootsee Roll” by 69 Boyz
- “Watch Me (Whip/Nae Nae)” by Silento
- “Snap Yo Fingers” by Lil Jon
You can also check out Spotify's Hip Hop Playlist for some more current hip hop song recommendations.
Now that you know the basic history and characteristics of hip hop dancing, it’s time to start exploring this art form yourself. Whether you sign up for a dance class or simply begin practicing moves on your own, have fun as you learn to express yourself in new ways through movement with hip hop dancing.
Most important of all, remember to fully embrace all aspects of hip hop culture if you can and try to approach this style of dance with a “knowledge of self” philosophy!
For even more creative ideas and inspiration, check out other experiences happening on Classpop!
Related Articles
A Beginner's Guide to Bachata DancingA Beginner's Guide to Cumbia Dancing
How to Belly Dance (With Confidence!)
How to Line Dance Like a Pro
How to Slow Dance With Style
How to Waltz Your Way to Becoming a Ballroom Pro
How to Salsa Dance Beginner’s Guide
Effective Dance Stretches for Maximum Flexibility
teaching basic movements and features of dance
Contents
Hip-hop, like any other dance direction, is best studied at a professional school.
After all, only a qualified teacher will find an individual approach to a new student and teach the necessary movements. But if this is not possible, or if you want to come to class prepared, you can try to master the direction of hip-hop at home. How to dance the first movements, now we will tell.
Like any dance, hip-hop training includes getting acquainted not only with the basic movements of the style, but also with a certain philosophy. And in this direction it is special. Hip-hop came to us in the second half of the last century from the most disadvantaged areas of New York and Los Angeles. Tired of injustice, aggression and blood, teenagers, who mostly did not have the cleanest reputation, invented their own special way to resolve conflicts - with the help of dance battles and rap parties. Hip-hop is a free dance, a challenge to society and a protest against any inequality. That is why the main thing in this style is not at all the clarity of the learned movements, but the sense of rhythm, improvisation and expression of the individuality of the performer.
Getting Started: Preparation and Basic Movements
Before learning hip-hop for beginners, you should make sure that you feel comfortable doing it. According to experienced dancers, three things will help you relax and start learning:
- Appropriate environment: flat floor, spacious room, full-length mirror.
- Loose clothing and comfortable shoes. Nothing should hinder movement.
- Hip-hop rhythmic music.
A little ritual will help you tune yourself into the wave of hip-hop: stand with your legs apart, put your hands down and close your eyes. Listen carefully to the sound of the music and try to learn to hear the beat. Rock to the beat. And now you have already mastered the first movement. Congratulations! It's time to move on to more complex elements.
The basic movements of hip-hop are swing and step. You are already familiar with the first one. Now try to put your right foot to the side and stretch your right hand up.
Bend your right leg, transferring your body weight to it, and lower your arm to shoulder level. Turn the body to the left, bend the left leg, and put the right leg on the toe. Now lower your right knee, arch your back and reach your hands to the floor. When you manage to complete this combination, consider yourself a good start in hip-hop.
Sign up for a trial lesson
Here are some more basic hip-hop moves for beginners:
- Starting position - standing, feet shoulder-width apart, and arms along the body. We squeeze the brushes into a fist and alternately bring forward one hand, then the other. Then we connect the legs bent at the knee: left hand - right leg, right leg - left hand.
- Starting position - standing. We jump in place and cross our legs, and bend our arms as if we were rowing.
- Starting position - standing, feet slightly wider than shoulders. We put the right leg a little back, bend the legs at the knees, which at the same time look straight.
With the right hand we cover the face, with the left, folded into a fist, we put it in the region of the heart. Then at the same time we tilt our head to the right and unclench the left hand, and after that we turn the right knee and right hand to the right. - Starting position - standing, feet firmly pressed to the floor, knees slightly bent. We put the spread fingers of the right hand on the chest, keep the elbow parallel to the floor. We bend in an arc, as if we received a blow right in the heart. Then we make two turns in different directions, straighten our back and return to the starting position. The hand at this time falls from the heart to the waist. At the end, we throw the pelvis forward again, round the back and tighten the buttocks.
You can achieve the first results quite quickly. But when you start to study closely how to dance hip hop, you will soon notice that there are no clear movements and rules in this direction. Having mastered a few basic elements, the dancers begin to improvise, create their own combinations and dance as creative fantasy suggests.
How to continue: choosing a style
If you have mastered the first movements of hip-hop from videos and photos on the Internet, it's time to choose the direction in which you will develop further. Hip-hop culture is a wide range of dance styles that differ from each other both in elements and in general mood. The main ones are:
- Breakdance is still popular basic style of hip-hop, on which the direction originated.
- Popping - rhythmic contraction of various muscle groups to the music so that it looks like jolts on the performer's body;
- Wave - smooth and plastic movements of the body, the most famous of which is the wave with hands;
- Afro-jazz - shaking mainly the lower and most prominent part of the body in women;
- Crump - energetic shaking of various limbs to the music so that it seems as if someone has moved into the dancer;
- New Style, also known as freestyle, is an improvisational dance that combines not only hip-hop movements, but also elements borrowed from more than a dozen other dance styles.
- La Style - Hip-hop, where the emphasis is on entertainment, so this style is used mainly in videos and when staging shows.
- Ragga jazz is a dance tuned to the music: the performer's legs work under the drums, and the hands become active during the recitative.
- Locking - an energetic dance with "locks" - freezing in different positions for a few seconds or periodically slowing down the movement.
- Power move is a spectacular style that includes complex acrobatic elements, handstands, various twists, and transitions.
- C-walk is a “language” dance with a criminal past that emphasizes intense and very dynamic footwork.
Women's and men's hip-hop
The next step in how to learn hip-hop without leaving home is to bring a little femininity or, conversely, brutality into your existing skills - depending on your gender accessories. The thing is that female and male hip-hop are somewhat different from each other, and, therefore, representatives of the beautiful and strong half are trained in this direction in different ways.
Hip-hop dancing for beginner girls is based on plasticity, flexibility and unobtrusive sexuality. Girls wear baggy sweatpants and hoodies on a par with men, perform sweeping movements, but their execution looks different: hips, legs and shoulders are more involved, the elements are a little smoother and sexier.
Male hip-hop, on the contrary, is more daring, energetic and sometimes even aggressive. The focus is on the work of the arms and body, acrobatic elements and movements that require strength and male endurance.
If you prefer to learn this difficult direction from videos, it is better to initially choose hip hop training, where the movements will be performed by a dancer of your gender. Together with the right technique, you will be able to capture the gender characteristics of the choreographic elements.
A few more secrets
Learning to dance hip-hop at home, without classes with a professional teacher, is not easy, but real.
Especially if you add training with a few more components. Here, as in learning a foreign language, only complete immersion in the culture will help. So, here are some tips from “experienced” hiphopers who have mastered a lot not under the guidance of a qualified mentor, but at home by the mirror:
- Videos with basic exercises will help you master some of the moves, but for additional skills, it is better to turn to online courses. Hip-hop lessons for beginners are regularly held online, often live.
- Hiphop parties and hangouts will help you melt into this culture and make new acquaintances. Yes, of course, everyone will laugh at your first dances, but no one drags you to the center of the circle. While you're learning, watch the pros dance, adopt a style, and memorize some moves to practice at home.
- Clear training regimen. Only with regular practice can you achieve results. In addition, our body is set to a certain schedule, and if you exercise at a certain time, it will prepare for stress.
As experienced dancers note, the optimal duration of even home workouts is two hours. This is enough for warming up, and for the lesson itself, and for stretching after. - Additional physical activities. If you are in the mood not just for basic hip-hop movements, but for serious hip-hop elements with tricks, strengthening the muscles of the whole body is indispensable. You will need strong arms, strong core muscles, and no extra weight. This can be achieved by exercising in the gym or additional weight training at home.
- Compliance with safety regulations. Be sure to dance in comfortable non-slip shoes and loose clothing. Do not start training without a proper warm-up, and when practicing acrobatic elements, lay something soft on the floor.
Video tutorials will be enough to learn how to dance hip-hop. But to become a real dancer, you need to study the subculture from the inside. It is believed that a hiphoper has achieved true mastery when he is in perfect control of his body, does not “slow down” on the dance floor, knows how to improvise and select universal movements for any music.
Hip-hop dance lends itself only to the very persistent and disciplined, those who are able to understand and accept its "philosophy of freedom".
Do not forget that there are many professionals around who are ready to help you take your first steps in hip-hop or improve the skills you learned at home. Qualified teachers of the La Boca dance club will find an individual approach to you, work out with you the technique of performing movements and even acrobatic elements. You don't have to go far: "La Boca" is located in the very center of St. Petersburg - on "Petrogradka"
Video: basic hip-hop movements
How to learn to dance hip hop at home
Each of us can become an excellent dancer, because the human body is just created for dancing. Many people have a sense of rhythm, emotions corresponding to music help to create a mood, and as for movements, they can always be diversified.
Those simple steps that we give out in clubs are usually not enough to express yourself through dance, impress someone who is nearby and just get a huge positive charge. So let's start learning hip-hop! Why hip hop? Because it's easy, nice, interesting, and it's also cool to be able to dance as well as Beyoncé or Justin Timberlake.
Hard to learn, cool to fight
Hip-hop dancers usually demonstrate their skills in open combat. The so-called battle is an opportunity here and now to prove that your style is better. Also, battles contribute to the improvement of technique, the search for new movements and sequences, and the general steady growth of the dancer's skill. This technique works great in the Dragon School. All students, overcoming timidity at first, go to the center of the hall one on one with the "enemy" and show him, the teacher and themselves (first of all) that the lesson has been learned and progress is evident. Such “paired” performances help to painlessly record your mistakes and shortcomings, and at the same time borrow something new from colleagues.
That is why learning to dance hip-hop at home is more difficult. Results alone are not achieved so quickly. But home self-study allows you to get acquainted with its basics well.
A screen instead of a mirror
So, let's learn to dance hip-hop at home. To begin with, we free up space, dress more comfortably, put on sneakers. What for? Leg muscles that have become unaccustomed to regular loads can fail at the most unexpected moment, and sneakers will help to avoid sprains, the legs will warm up faster in them, therefore, there will be fewer injuries. Of course, hip-hop is no more traumatic than any other modern dance! Problems can only arise with the corners of the furniture in the room or with uneven floors. This is another reason why it is preferable to study in a special room.
But once we start, we don't stop. There are a lot of video tutorials on the Internet, it is quite difficult to choose the best one.
Therefore, take my word for it and stop at the lessons from Alexander Dragon. This is not just a set of movements, but complexes developed within the framework of the author's "Quick Start" methodology. For starters, let's stretch. Let the monitor be like a mirror, repeat the movements in a mirror. Remember that a good workout is the key to the result. Let's get started!
First - to rock
Hip-hop is dominated by the concept of "groove" (in Russia it is also called "kach"). This is a drive from music, rhythm and body movement to the beat. It does not matter what the mirror shows at first, the main thing is that you enjoy it and do not intend to stop. The easiest way to catch a groove is by bending your knees to the beat. Try it! And now you can get acquainted with the simple basic movements of hip-hop dance. How to study at home? Just. Watch the video from the Dragon!
Unity of styles
When we learn hop-hop at home, a lot of questions arise.
